Laws Courts And Policies Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Laws, Courts, And Policies Essay, Research Paper Sep. 16 1999 Law, Courts, Politics Data/Analysis The American President # 8217 ; s and Their Judges The selecting of Judgess to the United States Circuit Court of Appeals is the obligation of the United States President. This obligation does non travel without its advantages. Since the statute can on occasion be # 8220 ; adaptable # 8221 ; when make up ones disapproving of an occurrence, a president is in all probability making a trip to take an equity with indistinguishable foundation and finishes from he. The Number of Judges Appointed A president can name the same number of Judgess as he wishes. During the last 10 administrations the aggregate of Judgess delegated went from 12 to seventy eight during an entire presidential term and 3.6 to 14 for each twelvemonth. At the point when the figure of Judgess is separated into what number of per twelvemonth by president a structure shows up. It appears that the figure of designated Judgess per twelvemonth per president expanded and crested during the Carter mature ages. We will compose a custom article test on Laws Courts And Policies Essay Research Paper or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Carter, with a major 14 for every twelvemonth, totaled to 56 during his four twelvemonth term. In spite of the fact that Reagan named an entirety of 78 it was all during eight mature ages of presidential term. In this way, after the extremum of President Carter there was a moderate however consistent lessening. In an expedient impression, one may accept that President Reagan had the most outcome on the United States Circuit Court of Appeals. It is non until you investigate the data that the acknowledgment is that President Carter stuffed 4.25 % more per twelvemonth into the judges’ seats. Shrubbery and Clinton Ideological groups Without hindering down into per centums the distinction in cute gift is clear among Bush and Clinton. President Bush named 34 republican Judgess, two vote based Judgess, and one autonomous equity. Clinton delegated 41 popularity based Judgess, three republican Judgess, and four autonomous Judgess. The thing that matters is because of the president # 8217 ; s ain ideological group. A president is bound to name an equity that has indistinguishable political convictions from he does. Sexual orientation Democrats and republican are distinctive in that Democrats are progressively expansive and republican increasingly preservationist. This can outcome farther into the president # 8217 ; s assignments of Judgess. Democrats are bound to name a higher per centum of grown-up females to the councils than a republican would. This is indicated plainly by the distinction in sexual orientation task by Bush and Clinton. President Bush selected 8.9 % grown-up females while Clinton designated 33.3 % grown-up females. There is a distinction of 23.4 % between the two presidents! When again this is because of their convictions drawn from their ideological groups. Race

The Beginnings of the Sectional Crisis :: American America History

The Beginnings of the Sectional Crisis During the before the war time frame, the North and the South were direct inverses. This prompted each side survey itself as prevalent and review the different as in reverse. Each side trusted itself to be predominant, in all angles, to the next. The purposes behind these feelings can be found in the distinctive monetary, social, and social frameworks found in these two areas. The Southern economy was basically farming. This economy, in the same way as other horticultural economies, didn't take into consideration a lot of social versatility. The South additionally needed plants, or much industry. Nonetheless, this was not the fundamental contrast between the North and the South. Generally alarming to Northerners was that the South utilized slaves as its fundamental wellspring of work. Clearly, Northerners would be horrified by the brutality related with bondage, the beatings, the partition of families; yet they were most certainly not. Generally shocking to Northerners was that subjection didn't support social portability, training, or modern development in a general public. This was in direct clash with northern perspectives. The North had consistently been an enterprising society. Since the time the Transportation Revolution of the mid nineteenth century, the North advanced while the South deteriorated. The North created steel and iron while the South's for the most part delivered cotton. It is not necessarily the case that the South was not a monetarily prosperous area, yet it was simply not worked in the North's picture of productive. The South didn't appear to have an issue with the arrangement of bondage. All things considered, for what reason would it be a good idea for them to? it had been effective for more than 200 years. Rather, they considered the To be as a pitiless society loaded with the injustices brought about by free enterprise. They saw industrial facility fill in as wage bondage while they saw Southern subjugation as paternalistic and big-hearted. Slavery, they fought, disposed of all class qualifications in Southern culture. In the North, they saw, processing plant proprietors got rich while their workers lived in a condition of neediness. Subjection was the extraordinary unifier of Southern culture. Poor Southerners additionally bolstered the curious establishment, since it guaranteed that even the most unfortunate white man was higher than a dark man was. This was the reason Southerners said it saved social request. Servitude, basically, gave poor whites somebody to look downward on and ridicule. To an agrarian culture the protection of an inflexible class framework is of essential concern, lamentably, this was the main way the South could save it was through bondage.

9 Reasons I Adore Jillian Tamaki and You Should Too

9 Reasons I Adore Jillian Tamaki and You Should Too Kate Beaton, comic creator extraordinaire responsible for  Hark! A Vagrant, calls Jillian Tamaki King Midas. Kate Beaton does not lie. Ive loved everything Jillian Tamaki has written or illustrated from Skim to This One Summer to SuperMutant Magic Academy to her illustrations for book covers to her freelance work  and on. Here are nine reasons you should love her too. 1. She can draw anything from a stunning, lushly detailed landscape… … to a little girl rocking out with so much movement it jumps off the page… … to a quick, pared-down sketch that still communicates just as much feeling. (Also, I totally ship Marsha and Wendy.) 2. She and her cousin Mariko Tamaki co-create characters who feel real and reflect actual people with different sexualities and body types, like Skim, a not-slim lesbian teenager whos trying to figure herself out and who I related to so much. 3. She created one of my favorite characters, Frances from SuperMutant Magic Academy, who fights  back against  the male gaze… … and makes feminist statements through  performance art. 4. She defends all-around appreciation of asses. 5. Her attention to detail can make you time travel back to your childhood and your messy bedroom… … and your angsty teenage years, mutant or not. 6. She has illustrated the covers for some of the most beautiful books you’ve ever seen, from Black Beauty… This series has French flaps that are illustrated too. And the inside of the cover looks like the back of a piece of embroidery! … to The Secret Garden… THOSE FRENCH FLAPS THAT INSIDE DETAIL … to Emma… Seriously. French flaps. Still swooning at that level of detail. … to Les Miserables… … to Obasan… … to Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Seas… THOSE ENDPAPERS AND it has illustrations by her inside. … and Goblin Market. 7. She understands the importance of a quest for that one special food. 8. Her illustrations for freelance clients, like  these portraits for the New York Times  By the Book  series, have the most beautiful use of colors… … and are a moving addition to articles, like in this personal essay  about trichotillomania. 9. Plus she was really nice to me even though I was super awkward to her when I met her at TCAF. Sign up to The Stack to receive  Book Riot Comic's best posts, picked for you. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Slavery Fight For Freedom Essay - 802 Words

Slavery Fight for Freedom During the course of the slave trade millions of Africans became involuntary immigrants to the New World. Some African captives resisted enslavement by fleeing from slave forts on the coast of West African. Others mutinied on board slave trading vessels, or cast themselves into the ocean, rather facing death than enslavement. In the New World there were those who ran away from their owners, ran away among the Indians, formed maroon societies, revolted, feigned sickness, or participated in work slow downs. Some sought and succeeded in gaining liberty through various legal means such as quot;good servicequot; to their masters, self-purchase, or military service. Still others seemingly acquiesced and learned to†¦show more content†¦Series of complex colonial laws began to reform the status of Africans and their connection to slavery. The United States outlawed the transatlantic slave trade in 1808, but the domestic slave trade and illegal importation continued for several decad es. Captured Africans were sold at auction as quot;chattel,quot; like inanimate property or animals. Many literate ex-slaves discussed the degradation and humiliation they felt when they were treated like quot;cattle.quot; Advertisements used in the North as well as the South before the Civil War, advertised the sale of slaves and land, the availability of employment for an overseer, a recall of debts, and a reward for anyone who captured slaves. In November 1841 the 135 enslaved African Americans on board the ship Creole overpowered the crew murdering one man while sailing from Hampton Roads, Virginia, to New Orleans, Louisiana. Led by Madison Washington, they sailed the vessel to Nassau, Bahamas, where the British declared most of them free. An author, William Channing, argues the American claims that the property of U.S. slave owners should be protected in foreign ports. There was a huge diplomatic controversy that followed, Ohio Congressman Joshua Giddings argued that once the ship was outside of U.S. territorial waters, the African Americans were entitled to their liberty and that any attempt to re-enslave them would be unconstitutional. Censured by the House ofShow MoreRelatedSlavery Fight for Freedom804 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery Fight for Freedom During the course of the slave trade millions of Africans became involuntary immigrants to the New World. Some African captives resisted enslavement by fleeing from slave forts on the coast of West African. Others mutinied on board slave trading vessels, or cast themselves into the ocean, rather facing death than enslavement. In the New World there were those who ran away from their owners, ran away among the Indians, formed maroon societies, revolted, feigned sicknessRead MoreThe Civil War : Opposing Slavery1139 Words   |  5 PagesBefore the Civil War: Opposing Slavery â€Å"By 1860, the South contained more slaves than all the other slave societies in the New World combined’ (Roark, 331). Slavery was the backbone of the American Southern states’ economy, a highly controversial topic, and eventually the cause of the American Civil war. Even before the Civil War, there were many American groups who opposed slavery. In the early 19th century there were several forces that opposed slavery, both in the North and the South, they usedRead MoreAfrican Americans During The Revolutionary Era925 Words   |  4 Pages The Revolutionary Era was a time for liberal reformation, independence, and a new found united states. An uprising for freedom from Britain’s tyrannic king swept through the colonies and a fight for independence was making it’s way. However, the war with Britain would be no cake walk for the new found colonies and extra reinforcement was needed. African Americans played major roles during the Revolutionary Era by participating in battles such as Lexington, Bunker Hill, and Yorktown. Some were freeRead MoreAfrican American And The American Revolution1277 Words   |  6 Pageshad been born and history had hit another turning point. The impact of the American Revolution and slavery would change the United States both for the good and the bad. The major change in the ideology of liberty and freedom among the states and the classification of blacks both enslaved and free were two of the largest impacts of the American Revolution and slavery. â€Å"The concept of chattel slavery has always embodied a profound though subtle contradiction.† (Davis) The North Americans were claimingRead MoreDred Scott Decision Essay1106 Words   |  5 Pagesstates was rising. The issue of slavery was a conflict that greatly contributed to this tension. The Northern and Southern people had very different views on slavery. Most of the Northern people thought that slavery was wrong, while the Southern people thought that slavery was justified. During this time, a court case filed by a black slave against his white slave master occurred and it widened the gap between them even more. The idea of a black man suing for his freedom was ridiculous to most of theRead MoreSlavery1305 Words   |  6 PagesSlavery has been in the United States early as 1619. Slaves were brought to America for one thing and one thing only, money. Tobacco took a great amount of work to harvest, but with the slaves help it all got completed. Slaves cost at least three more times than a regular servant for the reason that slavery was their life, it was their job. Regular servants finished their ‘slavery’ time in about 4 years. Slavery really got across the whole country as time passed, and in 1670 the crop, tobacco, tookRead MorePatrick Henrys Fight For Freedom776 Words   |  4 Pagesthe history of the country and which is a reason to fight for is freedom. In Patrick Henry’s speech â€Å"Speech of the Virginia Convention†, 1775, and Steve McQueen’s â€Å"12 years a slave†, 2013, is this idea well presented. Patrick Henry tells his opinion and is trying to convince the convention to attack the South right now. McQueen shows us a film based on a true story in which he tells the story of a black man who gets kidnapped and sold in slavery. He had a job and a wife and two childs. It took himRead MoreThe American Revolution And The Civil War Essay964 Words   |  4 Pagesrun away, seeking freedom. If the runaway slaves were caught, they were often killed or whipped. One individual in particular by the name of Frederick Douglas was very instrumental in the fight for freedom of black slaves. During the Civil War, Douglas recruited African American soldiers for the Union, and he worked after the war for civil rights for the African Americans. (Wheeler, Becker, and Glover page 252). In 1843, Douglass joined other speakers in the American Anti-Slavery Society’s â€Å"HundredRead MoreAbolition Slavery And The United State Of America859 Words   |  4 Pages In the 1840s slavery become a big issue in the United State of America. Since passing the Louisiana Purchase, the United State start expanding their land. They took over the Indian Territory by forcing them to leave the country or to relocate in the different city. The expansion of the United State leads to decide some state should be a free slave. In the 1820s, they passed a low that request 36’30 parallel are decided to be a free state. Abolition slavery becomes a question In the American societyRead MoreSummary Of Harriet Jacobs And Frederick Douglass702 Words   |  3 PagesSlavery (noun): a condition compared to that of a slave in respect of exhausting labor or restricted freedom. Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass were both born into slavery, and both suffered the consequences of American ignorance. Jacobs and Douglass provided a brutally honest truth through their poetry about slavery, and how white Americans interpreted slavery. Everyone was subject to Jacobs and D ouglass’ assessment on how differently people interpreted what slavery meant – just a means of labor

Life In The Inner City - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 361 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/09/23 Category Advertising Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: Life Essay Did you like this example? I have been living in the City of Springfield since the mid 1980’s. It is not a secret that we have been experiencing an increase in youth related violence. The Springfield Police even has a gang task force. What we do not have is enough people willing to give young people a â€Å"second† chance. However, we do not give them a first chance to begin with. We do not support any positive youth development programs that allow participants the time and space to plan activities of interest, problem solve, and develop leadership skills. Anything that is youth driven makes adults uncomfortable and highly suspicious. We lack strong young leaders because we want nothing to do with giving them a chance to develop those skills in a safe encouraging environment. There are very few positive youth development activities taking place in our neighborhoods. Youth are often misled to join gangs only to then realize that it is not a productive way to live their lives and earn an honest living. Unfortunately for many of them the realization happens once they have already been charged or convicted for a misdemeanor or a felony. Once they have gotten into trouble and are convicted for a crime, they have even less of a chance to get involved in anything that will enhance their development into healthy, responsible and productive adults. I know first hand how incredibly difficult it is to obtain employment with as much as a misdemeanor on record. I have met numerous young men with a wealth of knowledge and life experience. If someone would just give them a chance, they could leave the past behind and move on to become responsible citizens. In spite of that, they are unable to get passed a job application. They are not given an opportunity to work and earn a living. How discouraging is that. We ought to be interested in CORI reform and supportive of youth-driven programs that prepare youth to make proud choices and gives them a sense of belonging and owner ship before they get into trouble. This is the only way that we can reduce and eventually eliminate the problem of youth violence. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Life In The Inner City" essay for you Create order

Affirmative Action Debate and Economics Free Essays

string(232) " that the removal of race-preferential treatment may actually decrease the ability of the student body since colleges may be inclined to increase legacy-based admissions due to the current economic climate \(Li and Weisman, 2011\)\." Yuching Lin ECON 395 The Affirmative Action Debate Affirmative Action has recently become the center of a major public debate in the United States, which has led to the emergence of numerous studies on its efficiency, costs, and benefits. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ended wage and employment discrimination based on gender and race, significantly decreasing the gap between minorities and non-minorities. Minorities made major progress from the 1960s up through the early 1970s due to Affirmative Action (Jones, Jr. We will write a custom essay sample on Affirmative Action Debate and Economics or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1985). However, for the past few decades, the progress that minorities have made in terms of income, employment and education has largely stagnated. California, Michigan, Nebraska, and Washington State have recently banned racial advantage in employment and college admissions, and Proposition 209 of California has disallowed the preferential treatment of minorities, with opponents of Affirmative Action lobbying for more widespread bans on similar policies while supporters argue fiercely against the removal of Affirmative Action policies. As can be seen, Affirmative Action’s status in the United States now is very dynamic due to shifting court decisions and policy plans. Additionally, returns to education have been increasing in recent decades, and as a result, income inequality has also increased – the growing demand for highly skilled workers (workers with high levels of post-secondary education) and the stagnancy of American education (with the added fact that high quality colleges have become even higher quality and even more selective while lower tier colleges have decreased in quality) has led to ever-increasing wages for the highly skilled. This â€Å"Skill Biased Technological Change† has led to a widening income gap between the rich and the poor. Naturally, this considerably affects black and Hispanic minorities, who are more likely than non-minorities to be part of the working class or below the poverty line, which raises the stakes in the debate on Affirmative Action. Today, both sides on the debate can bolster their arguments with evidence provided by economic and social research on the policies. But there are additional questions to be answered – is Affirmative Action justified on moral grounds? Can we balance economic efficiency with equity? Is Affirmative Action the best policy for addressing racial inequalities? Do policies that increase diversity result in positive externalities such as reduced prejudice and indirect benefits beyond education and career success? One will discover that, after thorough analysis of research concerning Affirmative Action, it is still difficult to form a definitive conclusion on the results of the policies. Nevertheless, there is much to learn from the research that has been conducted as of present, and one can now better steer research in a direction that will uncover the real benefits and shortcomings of Affirmative Action. To begin with, the debate on the efficiency of Affirmative Action policies is still very much unsettled. Opponents claim that they actually result in several negative effects on the minorities the policies are intended to benefit, arguing that minority students admitted into overly competitive programs are more likely to drop out than mismatched non-minority students due to the increased competition, which would actually worsen the income gap since black income has been shown to decrease even more than white income after dropping out of college (Loury, 1995). A proposed â€Å"stigma hypothesis† suggests that â€Å"preferential treatment perpetuates the impression of inferiority† while simultaneously lowering incentives for high academic effort from minorities (Murray, 1994). And yet another underperformance hypothesis by Steele (1990) suggests that blacks’ academic performance suffers when they are aware that normal standards are lowered in order to accommodate them. However, there exists no research with strong, conclusive results that support these claims – in contrast, the â€Å"race difference in graduation rates is no larger at the most selective institutions,† and blacks have been shown to benefit from the increased admission to selective universities (Holzer and Neumark, 2000). A study by Cortes (2010) on the Texas Top 10% Plan claims that the banning of Affirmative Action actually increases college dropout rates for minorities and finds that the mismatch hypothesis is inaccurate. Because quantifying the economic benefits of Affirmative Action is exceedingly complicated, comparing the total costs and benefits of the policy becomes exceptionally difficult for policy-makers. Holzer and Neumark (2000) note that university admissions policies are not necessarily economically efficient to begin with, which further complicates matters since researchers do not have a definitive point of efficiency to which they can compare the results of Affirmative Action. Administrative costs and externalities must also be factored into the models, when economists have not yet even managed to create a viable model for the effects of Affirmative Action policies. For example, minority students in medical school are less likely to reach as high a level of expertise as non-minorities, but they are more likely to treat minority patients, generating a positive externality (Holzer and Neumark, 2000). Another point made in the debate on Affirmative Action is that diversity may improve the educational quality of a university. Many educators believe that diversity in colleges is inherently beneficial – students can learn from other students whose experiences and backgrounds give them a whole different set of views and capabilities. Several studies have actually correlated increased diversity in student bodies with improvements in issues such as racial prejudice and bias, although results vary depending on study design, extent and type of diversity, and the issue of interest (Bowman, 2010). Even so, other researchers are likely to reject such evidence since variables such as attitudes, inter-racial relations, and even school quality (as a result of increased diversity) are difficult to define and accurately quantify (Holzer and Neumark, 2000). Research has often demonstrated very unclear results, usually only weakly suggesting a few conclusions while also providing sometimes conflicting conclusions; one study on the effects of diverse student bodies found that there was no effect on post-college earnings, an increase in satisfaction with college experiences, and a decrease in community service (Hinrichs, 2011). Interestingly, a recent study in college admissions based on merit, race, and legacy suggests that the removal of race-preferential treatment may actually decrease the ability of the student body since colleges may be inclined to increase legacy-based admissions due to the current economic climate (Li and Weisman, 2011). You read "Affirmative Action Debate and Economics" in category "Papers" However, they do also propose that there is a possibility that colleges would need to eliminate all preferences barring merit in order to produce the most-able student body. Overall, it is generally agreed that more accurate methods for measuring school quality and the quality of school inputs are necessary if more conclusive results on education differentials’ effects on unobserved skills, attitudes, and racial income inequality are to be found. While it is without a doubt that Affirmative Action increases admission and employment rates for minorities, there is much speculation as to whether it is the most effective policy. Researchers are not confident yet of how different variables interact to affect income, employment rates, and other indicators of success. As a result, one will often find seemingly conflicting data as exemplified by Card and Krueger’s (1992) findings that â€Å"5-20% of the post 1960 black gains were due to improved school quality† while Smith and Welch (1989) claimed that 20-25% of black gains were a result of improved school quantity, which they asserted should be the focus of educational policies. Moreover, it is well known that employers often discriminate based on race, whether purposefully or unconsciously, and that this significantly impacts labor market outcomes. Affirmative Action can only do so much to address employment discrimination – in some models, the issue of negative racial stereotypes can be exacerbated by the application of such policies (Holzer and Neumark, 2000). In addition, some suggest targeting education inequalities in primary and secondary education as opposed to implementing race-preferential treatment in post-secondary education as a more efficient and equitable policy, although efforts such as NCLB have only slightly improved primary and secondary education inequalities. The primary and secondary education quality in the United States is in dire need of improvement already; high school graduation rates have stagnated, and school quality is falling behind when compared to the educational systems of other developed countries. There also exist other complicated variables that need to be addressed in order to close the income gaps between minorities and non-minorities such as the inheritance of learning abilities/behavior, ghetto culture, and the underclass (Jencks, 1993). As one can expect, research concerning controversial issues often suffers from researcher bias. Economic research typically entails numerous variables and methods in order to reach conclusions, and more often than not, results are varied and ambiguous, especially in this particular branch concerning Affirmative Action. It is a simple matter to selectively exclude certain results in order to make it appear as if a research study conclusively supports or rejects Affirmative Action as a beneficial policy, should one wish to do so. Literature searches can quickly turn up very obviously biased articles with weak evidence and unreasonable claims. Furthermore, past research has indicated that the types of models used in studies can have a significant impact on the results, further obfuscating the conclusions on the effectiveness of the policies. In fact, as of present, research on the policies has resulted in mostly ambiguous conclusions, although it is of my opinion that studies in general very slightly lean toward suggesting that Affirmative Action is beneficial as a whole – research studies that conclusively reject Affirmative Action as a viable policy are few and far between, and it is even difficult to find studies that demonstrate significant negative effects. In order to obtain more accurate data, researchers would optimally be able to create experimental studies with control and treatment groups, but this is very unlikely to occur due to the unethical properties of such studies. Clearly, it has become even more imperative that researchers improve models on the efficiency of Affirmative Action policies in order to obtain more reliable data to demonstrate with greater confidence the effects of the policy. Of course, these topics only cover the economic justifications for Affirmative Action, which is clearly also a matter of social justice. There is an endless cycle of philosophy-based debates on the policy – should we as a society aim for equity or efficiency? If we are willing to sacrifice some efficiency for equity, how much is optimal? There is also the question of whether society has a responsibility to â€Å"[remedy] the present effects of past discrimination,† which begins another entire debate about the responsibility of people today for wrongs committed by ancestors (Jones Jr. , 1985). Some also believe that Affirmative Action devalues the achievements of minorities since credit may be given to race-preferential treatment instead of to the individuals who accomplish those feats; this can lead to further racial prejudice and bias, possibly encouraging the continuation of racial discrimination in job employment. There are also suggestions that perhaps policies ought to focus on helping the part of the minority population with low socioeconomic status so as to avoid situations in which wealthy black students may be given preferential treatment over more qualified white students living below the poverty line. The debate over Affirmative Action for women is also just as controversial, for women also suffer from income inequality, but they still receive the same advantages that their male siblings receive. Therefore, one can argue that women are not put at a disadvantage early on in life and that they should not require preferential treatment in admissions or employment. In fact, women who benefit from Affirmative Action are much less likely than racial minorities to be lower-qualified and less-skilled, suggesting that implementing a preferential treatment policy may be inequitable in this case. Even more abstract of an argument is the claim that men and women will never reach perfect equality since they inherently desire different careers and hold differing aspirations for lifetime achievements. As can be seen, there is literally a myriad of issues that factor into the debate on Affirmative Action. The field of research concerning the topic is beset by the typical problems plaguing education and economics research – education quality and educational inputs to schools are difficult to measure, as are the effects on income, employment rates, job characteristics, etc. The lack of experimental data lends no help. The effects of nationally implemented legislation are difficult to track and quantify because of differences over time and across states (Altonji and Blank, 1999). Compiling data at a national level is also vastly time-consuming and challenging. Though neither side has conclusive evidence that supports their argument, studies that reveal tentative conclusions on the effects of Affirmative Action policies are emerging, and models are slowly approaching real-world utility. As research continues, hopefully the accumulation of data and models will allow researchers to uncover the true effects of Affirmative Action. References Altonji, Joseph G. and Rebecca M. Blank. 1999. â€Å"Race and Gender in the Labor Market. † In Handbook of Labor Economics, edited by Orley Ashenfelter and David E. Card, 3143- 3259. San Diego: Elsevier B. V. Bowman, Nicholas A. 2010. â€Å"College Diversity Experiences and Cognitive Development: A Meta Analysis. † Review of Educational Research 80(1):4-33. Card, David and Alan B. Krueger. 1992. â€Å"School quality and black-white relative earnings: a direct assessment. † Quarterly Journal of Economics 107:151-200. Cortes, Kalena E. 2010. â€Å"Do Bans on Affirmative Action Hurt Minority Students? Evidence from the Texas Top 10% Plan. † Economics of Education Review 29(6):1110-1124. Dong, Li and Dennis L. Weisman. â€Å"Why Preferences in College Admissions May Yield a More- Able Student Body. † Economics of Education Review 30(4):724-728. Hinrichs, Peter. 2011. â€Å"The Effects of Attending a Diverse College. † Economics of Education Review 30(2):332-241. Holzer, Harry and David Neumark. 2000. â€Å"Assessing Affirmative Action,† Journal of Economic Literature 38:483-568. Jencks, C. 1993. Rethinking Social Policy: Race, Poverty, and the Underclass. New York: HarperPerennial. Jones Jr. , James E. 1985. The Genesis and Present Status of Affirmative Action in Employment: Economic, Legal, and Political Realities. † Iowa Law Review 70:901-923. Loury, Linda D. and David Garman. 1995. â€Å"College Selectivity and Earnings. † Journal of Labor Economics 13:289-208. Murray, Charles. 1994. â€Å"Affirmative Racism,† In Debating Affirmativ e Action: Race, Gender, Ethnicity, and the Politics of Inclusion, edited by Nicolaus Mills. 191-208. New York: Delta. Steele, Shelby. 1990. The Content of Our Character. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Smith, James P. and Finish Welch. 1989. â€Å"Black Economic Progress after Myrdal. † Journal of Economic Literature 27:519-564. How to cite Affirmative Action Debate and Economics, Papers

Entrepreneurship Business Australia Premier Chocolate Families

Question: Discuss about the case study Entrepreneurship Business for Australia Premier Chocolate Families. Answer: Introduction: 1. Darrell Lea is one of the Australias premier Chocolate families. The company had seen a four-generation long rise and then fall to oblivion. The company at one time had 83 stores and managed 900 distribution licenses along with more than 1200 staffs (Ward, 2016). However, due to the inefficiency of family members, the $100 million business was insolvent in the year of 2012. According to Mller and Timofeev (2016), family businesses are by definition three overlapping systems. These three systems are such as family, owners, and managers-employees. From this three-circle model, it has been found that there are mainly three types of owners (Weiss, 2016). These include owners who work in the company but do not own any share, owners who have shares in the company but do not work and family owner-employees. Overlapping of these circles can create confusion and give rise to a conflict of interests (Gosnell, 2015). Figure 1: Three-circle model of family business (Source: Weiss, 2016) Jason Lea had first spotted the brewing trouble during the late 1990s. He could see the inevitable after he became the Managing Director. He had come across the three circle model and appreciated the confusion that occurred in the innermost segment. For this reason, Jason had dismissed his own son and brother (belonging to the employee owner segment of the three-circle model) from the company due to their incompetence. He also sacked himself and started to look for independent management. He had realized that none of the family members (belonging to the innermost section of the three-circle model) were capable enough to handle this business. In the year of 1996, during the 17th anniversary, Jason had appointed an outside chairperson Alan Batley and Jeff Moore, who was the first non-family CEO for the company. As Hartley (2013) stated that, in reality only 33% of the family owned business becomes globally successful. It has been found that only 5% family businesses are able to create shareholder value beyond the 3rd generation. The main reason for failure of the family-owned companies like Darrell Lea is that they had the same leader for 20-25 years. On the contrary, in public owned companies, the average CEO tenure is 6 years. It increases the difficulty for the company to cope up with the shift in technology, business model, trends and consumer behavior. Various other challenges rise due to the overlap of the business circles in the family business of Darrell Lea. These include messy structure and no clear division of tasks (Ward, 2016). In addition, the family business is not able to adapt professional management. Two specific problems have been found for the company Darrell Lea and the first one being the "Spoiled-kid syndrome." The third generation of the Lea family took wealth as an entitlement and began to squander it. The fourth generation of the family had totally lost the spot. Secondly, the family members were resistant to change. They resisted the effort of Jason Lea as he tried to introduce non-family members as CEO and the chairperson. The family had resisted his plans before Jason died in 2005. 2. In the classic case of this classic third-generation family business, the formula is well-known. Pitcher established the chocolate company. The second generation inherited the business and increased it. The problem started to grow in the third generation. They were not able to operate the business properly. The fourth generation of the Lea family had totally lost the plot. Jason Lea, the eldest of the third generation had spotted trouble in 1983. He had sensed the relational sloth. He had dismissed his own son and brother from the business for incompetence. He even sacked himself and hired Allen Batley during 1996. However, this change gave rise to emotional problems in the family. They were disenfranchised overnight. They did not take it lightly (Merig et al., 2016). Once, 13 family members were working in the business. During 2006 there were only three, one of them being Michael Lea's son, Nicholas, who was a management consultant. He provided the slender thread between the family council and the Board. They became resistant towards any change. The company kept on producing products that did not sell and other that they sold at a loss. The management was not able to erase the family entitlements. For all these problems the company was insolvent and placed it in the administration by the creditors. Holmlund Kowalkowski and Biggemann (2016) stated that there were a lot of family members involved in the business but none of them had an interest in running it day-to-day. They did not want to be bothered with the hard work of the business. There were many people involved in the company, but none of them were actually interested in running the daily business. Due to their emotional strain and resistive behavior, $100 million worth company became unsuccessful. 3. The entitlement issue of the company started during the third generation of the family-owned business company Darrell Chocolates. They took the wealth as an entitlement and started to squander it. Most of the CEOs of the company were family members (Marjanovic, Dinter Ariyachandra, 2016). They were operating on a business model that was 40 years old. Many people recommended change, but the board developed by family members knocked it back as they did not want to lose the heritage. According to Sumaya (2016), tradition killed most of the family business. It was applicable to the company Darrell Chocolates also. As a senior member of the company, they were not able to adapt change. There did not want to bother them with the hard work of running the business. There were a lot of people involved in the company, but none of them were actually interested in running the day-to-day business. They never invested their own money into the company when it went to through bad phases. As Weiss (2016) stated that only Jason Lea had the vision and plan. However, nothing had done since his death. 4. Any family business organization, in order to retain its position in future, must consider the task of succession planning in a very serious way. Approximately 88% of the family business owners intend their family members to join the family business. Yet according to the research conducted by Family Firm Institute, 30 % of the family businesses survive into the second generation, and only 3% survive into the fourth generation (Benavides et al., 2013). Darrell Lee belonged to the second generation, and as such he inherited the family business directly from his father. It is noteworthy here that patriarch of the family business, Harry started the business around the time Darrell was born. As such Darrell grew up watching his father introducing innovative business ideas, and adopting strategies, for the successful operation of the business (Darrell Lea, 2016). Darrell not only acquired the necessary business skills, but he gradually developed a clear understanding about the vision of the organization and its immediate goals. As a result, till the second generation, there was no issue at all. However, from the third and fourth generation onwards, issues cropped up, because the family members did not have a thorough understanding about what was happening in the business. These family members did not see the business grow, but found it when it was already established. As a result, they lacked in-depth knowledge about the business operation, and were more concerned with the question of succession. What happens in case of the third and fourth generation is that the family members have a very remote or rather no understanding about the mission, vision or plan of the family business. Although these members intend to represent the status and glory associated with the family business, they lacked the skills, knowledge and expertise needed to operat e the business activities smoothly (Kennedy, 2013). Jason was indeed right, when he thought of recruiting the manager from outside his family. A business organization, that wishes to sustain itself in future, must ensure that the management authority consists of employees who are highly experienced in the field of business. Family emotion should be set aside, and only those family members, who are capable, experienced and resourceful enough must be chosen for succeeding the business. The downfall of a business organization is inevitable, if the successors are not able enough. They have to be qualified, highly experienced in order to sustain the business in a highly competitive world of the 21st century. In absence of a suitable member, the family business may be succeeded by the next generation, but the management authority of the organization should consist solely of non-family members. 5. After the downfall of the family business of the Leas, it was being taken over by the Quinn family. Tony Quinn was highly experienced in the field of business, and as such he had thorough knowledge about the Dos and Donts of running a successful business. As a result, he possessed the necessary business skills and expertise. However, it is equally important for the Quinn family not to repeat the same mistake already perpetrated by the Leas. If a family business is well-managed over the successive years, then its growth can be ensured as well as preserved in the future. However, in case the successors of the Quinn family are lacking in entrepreneurial skills, entrusting the business to the successors would be a wrong decision (Neubauer Lank, 2016). The Quinn family must ensure that family business sustainability is maintained over the coming years. Tony Quinn must inculcate his own long term vision and business values and intentions, in the mind of his son. At the same time, he has to ensure that the basic business values, such as trust, commitment, responsibility, are being carried and passed over from one generation to the next. In case, the family member lacks entrepreneurial skills, he should be wisely kept away, from handling major business decisions (Hall, 2013). The family successors should acquire business management degree from any recognized university, or should at least work in a business firm for a couple of years, before he thinks of participating in the family business. It may also happen that the family successors are willing to join the family business itself. In such a situation, it has to be firmly stated, that the new, inexperienced member would be allowed to work under a strong management authority. For at least two years, he should learn, and try to polish his business skills. An inexperienced, young family member, under no circumstance shall be allowed to take important business decisions. While the older, experienced family members may be entrusted with significant responsibilities, the young and less qualified family members should be provided sufficient training, before they assume important roles in the management authority (Gibbon, 2015). In case, a Quinn family member in future, is not provided the same designation in the family business as his brother, family rivalry and jealousy can crop up, which may destroy the family bond. Hence, the family must keep up a tradition of holding family reunions whereby the young members have to be educated about the necessary rules for conducting business over the coming years. A family council should be set up, comprising of the family members of the older generation, who will take decisions regarding the issue of family succession, depending on the competence of the successors (Pwc, 2016). 6. The false advice here is that one does not need to pay the family members at market rate, since they are earning value elsewhere. It should always be remembered that a business organization can succeed, flourish and prosper, only if it knows how to motivate its employees. Even if the employees are a part of the family, they should always be motivated to work harder. The payment must be made in compliance with the market worth of the job duties being performed. 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